On 10 December 2025, the IUF-affiliated Bodu Kanneli Masveringe Union (BKMU), the Yellowfin Tuna Fishers’ Union in the Maldives, renewed its call for the government to enforce fair prices for their catch as previously committed. This year, the action grew significantly, with 50 boats with over 500 members joining the rally highlighting the pressure on fishers’ and their families’ incomes and livelihoods. BKMU members use handline methods to catch yellowfin tuna sustainably, avoiding over-fishing and protecting the ocean ecosystem.
Following repeated actions by BKMU, the government committed to buy yellowfin tuna at a fair price to protect fishers’ livelihoods. However, despite continued calls, this commitment has not been implemented.
This year, the IUF-affiliated Tourism Employees Association of the Maldives (TEAM) joined BKMU in calling on the government to prioritize locally and sustainably sourced seafood to be served in the resorts. Their join proposal supports the BKMU members, their families and the local communities as well as the Maldives government’s international commitments.
“We are catching sustainably sourced seafood here in the Maldives, yet resorts are flying in frozen fish from thousands of miles away. It damages the environment but also the livelihoods of local communities. Serving locally sourced seafood across, more than 200, resorts is more environmentally, economically, socially, and ethically sustainable.” Mauroof Zakir, TEAM General Secretary
Both unions emphasize that government action on pricing and local sourcing is essential to meeting the Maldives’ commitments under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Their demands align with SDG 8.9 and SDG 12.b (Decent Work & Responsible Consumption and Production), ensuring fair income and decent livelihoods for fishers while promoting sustainable tourism. Encouraging resorts to source locally is a concrete step toward fulfilling these obligations, reducing the carbon footprint of imports, and supporting sustainable fishing methods.
SDG 13 and SDG 14 (Climate Action & Life Below Water) are deeply interconnected in the Maldives. Fair prices help secure the future of responsible fishing, while local sourcing by resorts reduces emissions and protects marine biodiversity.
“Our members care fighting to protect their livelihoods and the local communities. Allowing unfair pricing that undermines handline fishing directly contradicts government’s commitment. We want the government to fulfill it’s promise of fair price and promote locally sourced seafood.” Hussain Nasheed, BKMU President
BKMU and TEAM are urging the government to invest in small-scale processing facilities through which resorts can source tuna directly from within the Maldives. Such facilities would create local employment, sustainable food, and increase income for fishers and local community.
What’s good for fishers’ and their families is also good for Maldives.
The International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations [IUF][1] and its affiliated union Bodu Kanneli Masveringe Union [BKMU], the Yellowfin Tuna Fishers Union in the Maldives condemn the Government’s action to re-introduce commercial longline fishing in the Maldives which would have catastrophic social, environmental and climatic consequences. This decision will have devastating impact on the ocean ecosystems and prioritizes the interests of large tuna buyers, potentially threatening the livelihoods of 17,000 local fishermen and affecting a community of 50,000 to 60,000 essentially infringing on their human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment, right to freedom of association and collective bargaining and economic stability.
Damaging ocean ecosystem, the environment, and its impact on human rights
Human rights are considered interrelated, inter-dependent and mutually reinforcing, where one right is violated, others cannot be realized. Consequently, human rights and the environment are interconnected. People cannot fully enjoy their human rights without access to a safe, clean, and healthy environment. The Government’s unilateral decision to re-introduce commercial longline fishing violates the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment as well as right to food, right to health, an adequate standard of living, cultural rights as well as right to freedom of expression and association.
The human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment
The Maldives government was one of the member countries in 2022 to present the resolution to the UN General Assembly which resulted in the UN General Assembly recognizing the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment which obligates the States to respect, protect and promote human rights, including in all actions undertaken to address environmental challenges, and to take measures to protect the human rights of all, as recognized in different international instruments.[2]
The BKMU members employ sustainable and responsible fishing methods, such as handline fishing, to catch yellowfin tuna. They also relocate to different fishing sites when tuna stocks are low or not yet mature. These efforts resulted in replenishing of the tuna stock in the Indian Ocean.
This sustainable approach was highlighted by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment in the Statement at the conclusion of a country visit to the Maldives from April 16-25, 2024. The Special Rapporteur emphasized the impressively sustainable practices of the Maldivian tuna fishery, particularly those of skipjack and yellowfin tuna fishers, who constitute 98 percent of the fisheries in the Maldives. Fishers use sustainable gear, including pole and line and handlines, resulting in low levels of bycatch, relatively low fuel consumption, and adherence to catch levels below the quotas established by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission.[3]
However, the Maldives government’s move to re-introduce commercial longline fishing threatens the progress on protecting the stock of tuna and more than 10 endangered species in the Maldives, mostly corals, along with turtles, sharks, rays and birds, which will inadvertently get caught and killed. The proposed guidelines of the Maldives Government allow for the longline fishing vessels to catch sharks, which will be devastating for the ecosystem.
To re-introduce longline fishing is detrimental to the environment and livelihoods, income, and food security of the entire communities who depend on locally sourced tuna for their nutritional needs and is a clear violation of the Maldives government’s commitment to human rights particularly the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. In addition to that, to fully exercise their rights, fishers through their union must have access to information and be able to participate in the decision-making process. However, the Maldives Government’s unilateral decision violates fishers’ ability to access their human rights.
Right to Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining
The introduction of commercial longline fishing threatens the livelihoods of local fishermen as they risk being replace by fishing fleets directly operated by the large tuna buyers in the Maldives and foreign companies, which most likely will deploy distant water fishing vessels.
This was highlighted in the protest by the Bodu Kanneli Masveringe Union [BKMU] members on June 12, 2024 where 38 tuna boats with more than 570 fishers joined at the sea calling on the government to stop licensing commercial longline fishing. At the protest site, the Minister of Fisheries and Ocean Resources of Maldives agreed to stop licensing of longline fishing until effective consultation with the union.[4]
However, the government’s decision undermines BKMU’s right to represent its members and collectively bargain which includes effective consultation with the union.
The IUF Asia/Pacific and BKMU call on the Maldives government to immediately reverse the decision to re-introduce commercial longline fishing in the Maldives, protect and promote sustainable fishing and negotiate with the union on demands of fishers fighting for their livelihoods, incomes, and the environment.
[1] The IUF is a global union federation representing 12 million members working in the food sectors and across food systems in 126 countries. The IUF Asia-Pacific is a regional organization of the global IUF.
On June 12, the IUF-affiliated Bodu Kanneli Masveringe Union [BKMU], the Yellowfin Tuna Fishers Union organized a landmark protest demanding fair price for tuna catch and calling on the government to stop licensing longline fishing. 38 tuna boats with more than 570 fishers joined at the sea to exercise their right to freedom of association and collective bargaining.
As the protest grew and more boats joined, the Minister of Fisheries and Ocean Resources of Maldives had to come to the coast to address the protesting fishers and to start negotiation on the demands of BKMU members. After negotiations, the government agreed to stop licensing of longline fishing until effective consultation with the union. Furthermore, the government agreed to reduce fuel cost immediately and started negotiation on fixing fair price for tuna catch.
BKMU members engage in handline fishing of yellowfin tuna to ensure sustainable catch, avoiding over-fishing and preserving the ocean ecosystem. However the government proposed introducing commercial longline fishing licenses, a move that would benefit large tuna companies but threaten the ocean ecosystem and livelihoods of fishers.
“Stop discussions to start longline fishing and I urge government to fulfill the promises to fisherman’s as it is in their manifesto” Hussain Nasheed, BKMU President
In countries across the Asia-Pacific, including India, women waste pickers in the informal economy strive to recycle paper packaging, PET bottles, glass and plastic packaging, an important part of reducing waste and mitigating the environmental damage caused by pollution. At the same time, major corporations – including the world’s biggest food and personal care companies – claim to be recycling plastics, but fail to ensure the collection and recycling of their multilayered plastic packaging. This is a major source of plastics pollution in urban and rural areas and in coastal communities.
Nestlé Maggi noodles packaging at a dumpsite in Gujarat, India, is among the multilayered plastics that waste pickers do not collect because no one will buy it.
Multilayered plastic packaging is used in most of the products we consume from potato chips (crisps) and snack and biscuit packaging to the plastic sachets for detergents, liquid soaps and shampoo. However, the major companies producing these products are not taking action to ensure this kind of packaging is collected for recycling.
Since the companies are not paying to collect multilayered plastics for recycling, waste buyers have no one to sell it to. And as long as waste buyers are not buying it, there is no financial incentive for waste pickers to collect it. As a result it continues to add to massive landfills, while polluting agricultural lands, lakes and reservoirs, and coastal areas.
Without buyers, waste pickers ignore packaging like Mondelez’s Oreo wrappers.
If companies are serious about reducing multilayered plastics pollution, they must first commit to the most important part of the recycling chain: the waste pickers who collect plastics for recycling. There must be a fair financial incentive for waste pickers in the informal economy who are on the front-line of waste recycling. This in effect would generate better paid “green jobs” in the informal economy and must be a part of companies’ commitments to environmental sustainability and just transitions in the Asia-Pacific region.
Unilever’s Surf Excel is among the many detergent sachets, along with shampoo and soap sachets, causing widespread plastics pollution that is outside the scope of recycling efforts
Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) members in India working in waste collection and recycling in the informal economy are saving the environment and driving just transitions.
Women workers working in the informal economy collect the waste from the dumping yards (waste landfills), sort it and supply it to the collection center for recycling. They strive to recycle paper packaging, PET bottles, glass and plastic packaging, an important part of reducing waste and mitigating the environmental damage caused by pollution.
Women workers sorting waste in the collection center for recycling.
SEWA has set up collection centers where members carefully sort and classify waste for recycling. This brings into recycling a massive volume of discarded plastic and paper that escapes the limited capacity and reach for the formal economy.
The work done by women engaged in waste picking and in collection centers for recycling is a vital contribution to efforts to save the environment and reduce pollution. While governments and international agencies allocate significant resources for “green job” creation in the future, the fact is that these women workers are already engaged in “green jobs” in the informal economy. This is also an essential part of just transitions.
Despite this, very few green economy or just transition policies, programs and strategies include workers in the informal economy.
Women working in the the green informal economy must receive greater recognition of their essential work. This recognition of their vital role also means that they deserve better wages and incomes commensurate to the value of their work, and have access to social security, health insurance and benefits as workers.
Women workers at a waste dump site collecting waste for recycling
Women workers sorting waste in the collection center for recycling
Anyone trying to buy products that are environmentally and socially sustainable and not harmful to human rights or the environment faces an immense challenge. Not only are more and more environmental and human rights groups turning certification labelling into a profitable business (more business than protection), their claims seem less and less credible. Deforestation and biodiversity loss continues at an alarming rate, while child labour and forced labour continues to be widespread, with no sign of declining. What is declining is people’s confidence in large multinational corporations with extensive global supply chains being able to live up to their sustainability claims.
Underpinning the gap between these claims and the reality is the issue of traceability. Companies must know exactly where each and every ingredient came from, the impact of how it was grown, raised, caught and/or produced, how it travelled through the supply chain and under what environmental and social conditions, to end up in the final product. Only through traceability can they know. And they don’t know. One reason is that the responsibility of monitoring and reporting is outsourced to third-party certification agencies, foundations and organizations, including NGOs, who are effectively paid to police themselves.
Block chain is presented as the technological answer. But block chain only ensures no one can tamper with information inputted along the way. So if the information inputted (by humans) is unreliable, then block chain preserves the integrity of the lie. It cannot be tampered with.
Another reason traceability is problematic is that there are grey areas where it is unclear where the ingredient or produce came from. In fisheries this includes distant water fishing (DWF) fleets mixing the catch at sea and deliberately mislabeling the point of origin. Or seafood companies semi-processing in informal peeling sheds before bringing the product into their factories. In agriculture, sugar, tobacco, and palm oil are not sourced from identifiable farms or fields, but are presented by buyers and “middle-men” as a single crop. Or under coffee and cacao certification the certification bodies allow the misuse of farmers’ names and farm locations to claim that it meets all the requirements. And farmers still don’t get the promised premium.
This is clearly demonstrated by the “mixed” trademark of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The “mixed” certification label means that RSPO certified the palm oil used in the product under its Mass Balance supply chain approach. Mass Balance means that palm oil made from palm kernel harvested in plantations certified as free from deforestation, environmental destruction, and human rights abuses is mixed with palm kernel from plantations not certified as free from deforestation, environmental destruction, and human rights. So “on balance” RSPO and its corporate customers hope it turns out okay in terms of the environment and human rights.
We could liken it to the warning of possible allergens in packaged food labelling: “this product may contain traces of nuts”. This usually means food products containing nuts were manufactured on the same line, so traces may have ended up in the current food product. So what this really means is: we don’t know, there could be traces of nuts, so be careful. It’s precautionary. What the RSPO “mixed” labeling means is: we don’t know, and we won’t find out. It’s irresponsible.
The distinction between palm oil and palm kernel is significant. Most people (as informed consumers) believe that sustainable palm oil and 100% traceability concerns the palm oil plantations themselves. This is logical since deforestation, habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions from destruction of forests and peatland, forced labour, child labour, excessive pesticide use, land grabbing and displacement of indigenous peoples all occur on or around plantations. But within the industry palm oil is the product of palm oil refineries and traceability refers only to the ability to track palm oil shipments to the refinery itself. It is not traceable to the plantations.This allows a crucial grey area of flexibility. Companies can include palm kernel within the cope of sustainability if they have good examples to promote, and exclude it when forests are burning or human rights are violated. Like “mixed”, the interchangeable use of palm oil and palm kernel allows a very flexible use of traceability, which in turns allows deniability.
The “mixed” RSPO label means that you are consuming a product that was made with some sustainable palm oil, and some unsustainable palm oil. There might be some deforestation and and rights abuse mixed in there, RSPO doesn’t know. But why doesn’t RSPO know? The reason is that there is still no system for monitoring and control to ensure compliance. This is partly because the entire system of regulation, monitoring and enforcement is privatized and financed by the companies using the RSPO certification labels.
As long as private industry certification organizations can monopolize a commodity or industry, they can limit the choices people make. In the case of the Maldives, union members of BKMU fish tuna sustainably with single pole lines with no by-catch, no harm to other species and no nets causing damage to the environment. But the distant water fishing (DWF) fleets backed by their own governments and the certification bodies can denounce tuna caught sustainably in the Maldives by unionized fishers, force it off the supermarket shelves in Europe, and replace it with marine species caught through destructive drift net fishing. There is no discussion of traceability when it comes to massive DWF trawlers killing a multitude of other marine species, destroying coral reefs and ocean habitats, and using abusive labour practices, including forced labour. It still ends up in supermarkets as sustainable, because the certification bodies, their “alliances” and corporate-backed NGOs say it is.
The only way for people to be certain that the products they consume aren’t linked to environmental destruction or human rights violations (and therefore really have a choice) is to ensure that the environment and human rights are protected. Palm oil companies and their buyers must stop lobbying against stricter environmental, labour and human rights legislation. They must stop undermining the efforts to protect the rights of rural communities and indigenous peoples – especially with regard to land rights. Palm oil companies and their buyers must stop the aggressive repression of trade union rights and guarantee all workers – especially migrant workers – have full and unconditional access to the right to freedom of association and collective bargaining. Rural communities, indigenous peoples, marginal farmers and workers must be self-organized, collectively represented, and be able to protect their rights and interests. Only then can we ensure the protection of the environment and human rights that people want and expect from the products they consume. There are no mixed messages in that.
